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References

1. Buchwald H, Varco RL. Metabolic Surgery; Grune and Stratton, New York; 1978.
2. Schinzinger A. Ueber carcinoma mammae. Abstract, 18th Congress of the German Society for
Surgery. Beilage Zum Zentralbalt fur Chirugie. 1889;16:55-6.
3. Beatson GT. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions
for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Lancet. 1896;2:104-7.
4. Buchwald H, Buchwald JN. Evolution of operative procedures for the management of morbid
obesity 1950-2000. Obes Surg. 2002;12:705-17.
5. Kremen AJ, Linner LH, Nelson CH. An experimental evaluation of the nutritional importance of
proximal and distal small intestine. Ann Surg. 1954;140:439-44.
6. Buchwald H. Lowering of cholesterol absorption and blood levels by ileal exclusion:
experimental basis and preliminary clinical report. Circulation. 1964;29(5):713-20.

7. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP, et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and
morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the
Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med.
1990;323(14):946-55.
8. Buchwald H, Matts JP, Fitch LL, et al. Changes in sequential coronary arteriograms and
subsequent coronary events. JAMA. 1992;268(11):1429-33.
9. Buchwald H, Dorman RB, Rasmus NF, et al. Effects on GLP-1, PYY, and leptin by direct
stimulation of terminal ileum and cecum in humans: implications for ileal transposition. Surg
Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10(5):780-6.
10. Buchwald H. Healthcare Upside Down. A Critical Examination of Policy and Practice. Springer
Nature Publishing, Switzerland, 2022.

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