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compression anastomosis technique by Michel Gagner and associates, and Christopher Thompson
and associates [36,37]. The challenge of pharmaceutical GLP-1 analogues to MBS will
furtherstimulate the field towards simplicity, and, thereby, increased safety. It will also open a new
field of thoughtful endeavor—the development of multimodal therapy combining MBS procedures
with drug and lifestyle modifications to foster the most effective, safest, simplest, and lasting
management of the disease of obesity and its metabolic complications.

References

1. Buchwald H, Varco RL. Metabolic Surgery; Grune and Stratton, Publ, New York; 1978.
2. Schinzinger A. Ueber carcinoma mammae. Abstract, 18th Congress of the German Society for
Surgery. Beilage Zum Zentralbalt fur Chirugie. 1889; 16:55-56.

3. Beatson GT. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions
for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Lancet. 1896; 2:104-7.

4. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004; 292:1724–37.
5. Kremen AJ, Linner LH, Nelson CH. An experimental evaluation of the nutritional importance of
proximal and distal small intestine. Ann Surg. 1954; 140:439-44.
6. Buchwald H. Lowering of cholesterol absorption and blood levels by ileal exclusion:
Experimental basis and preliminary clinical report. Circulation. 1964; 29(5):713-20.
7. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Familial hypercholesterolemia: defective binding of lipoproteins to
cultured fibroblasts associated with impaired regulation of three-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
coenzyme A reductase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1974; 71:788-92.
8. Macheboeuf M. Recherchs surs les phosphoamino lipides et les sterides du serum et du
plasma sanguins. Bul Soc Chim Biol. 1929; 11:268-293.

9. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP, et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and
morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the
Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med. 1990;
323(14):946-55.

10. Buchwald H, Matts JP, Fitch LL, et al. Changes in sequential coronary arteriograms and
subsequent coronary events. JAMA. 1992; 268(11):1429-33.

11. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, et al. Who would have thought it? Ann Surg. 1995;
222(3):339-52.
12. Scopinaro N, Adami GF, Marinari GM, et al. Biliopancreatic diversion. World J Surg. 1988;
22:936-46.
13. Buchwald H, Dorman RB, Rasmus NF, et al. Effects on GLP-1, PYY, and leptin by direct
stimulation of terminal ileum and cecum in humans: implications for ileal transposition. Surg
Obes Relat Dis. 2014; 10(5):780-6.
14. Buchwald H. The evolution of metabolic/bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2014; 24:1126-35.
15. 8th IFSO Global Registry Report. url: www.ifso.com/pdf/8th-ifso-registry-report-2023.pdf
(2023).

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